In the U.S., the Environmental Working Group puts out a “dirty dozen” list and a “clean fifteen” list each year. The lists are based on an analysis of pesticide-testing data generated by scientists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and federal Food and Drug Administration. They use this data to rank foods according to how likely they are to be tainted with pesticides. The lists are very useful if you can’t afford to buy 100% organic, as they allow you to target your limited organic dollars at the produce that’s mostly likely to be contaminated. I’ve been looking for a similar set of data for Europe (especially for produce grown in Germany, France, Spain, Italy, and Turkey) for years now, but so far have come up empty-handed.
In June of last year I wrote a post where I tried to construct my own European dirty dozen list by comparing the U.S. EWG list with a similar “dirty fifteen” Israeli list. I assumed that produce that is contaminated in both countries is probably highly contaminated in Europe as well, and items that are pesticide-free in both countries are pesticide-free in Europe. But then a few months ago a new acquaintance told me about a report released by Greenpeace in 2012. It’s called “Essen ohne Pestizide.” They analyzed more than 22,000 samples of produce purchased in Germany between the years 2009 and 2010, and classified each fruit and vegetable from each country of origin into one of three categories based on typical pesticide concentrations: green, yellow, and red. It’s not quite the same as a dirty dozen list, but it’s a very good start. I’ve also included a few results from the German Ökotest magazine, based on what I could find online. I don’t have all of their test results though. If anyone knows where I can find them, please post a comment.
Below I discuss the Greenpeace study, present their general findings and suggestions, then sum everything up by synthesizing the Greenpeace and Ökotest results with those of the U.S. and Israel, to make one unified, “best guess” list. The list is designed to help me (and all my readers) figure out how to spend limited organic dollars euros most wisely.
The methodology
- How they prepared the samples: The EWG says explicitly that the pesticide tests are conducted after washing or peeling produce (to mimic consumer practices). So apples would be washed and oranges woud be peeled, for example, before any testing is done. For the Israeli data, although I can’t read the Hebrew myself, a friend took a look and told me that the Israeli data was collected in a similar way. For the Greenpeace study, however, it’s unclear to me how they prepared the samples. Given that they classify a number of fruits with thick peels (like pineapples and papayas) as red, I’m guessing they included the peel in their analysis. Can anyone read the German details and confirm this?
- How they rated each sample: There’s a long report on the Greenpeace website, but I didn’t understand most of it. Green means basically no pesticides were detectable. And yellow is assigned to any sample that doesn’t qualify for red but that had detectable pesticide residues. They rated a sample as “red” if the level of pesticide residues met at least meeting one of four criteria. I could only understand one of the criteria: the level of a single pesticide reached or exceeded legal limits. The other criteria seem to be taking into account additive (but not synergistic) effects from multiple different pesticides, but I didn’t follow the details. The report mentions maximum residue limits, acceptable daily intakes, and acute reference doses.
- How they combined the sample ratings to get an overall rating: To list results for a specific country, they had to have tested at least 10 samples of that product from that country. To be green at least 50% of the samples had to be green and no more than 10% could be red. If 1/3 or more samples were red then it got a classification of red. Otherwise it was yellow.
- They tested 19 samples from Germany, 84% were green, 16% were yellow and none were red (although 11% contained residues of some especially bad black-listed pesticides). The median pesticide residue was 0.01 mg/kg. So German peppers got a green classification overall.
- They tested 271 pepper samples from the Netherlands, of which 46% were green, 53% were yellow, and 1% were red (altogether 31% had black-listed pesticides). The median pesticide residue was 0.03 mg/kg. So peppers from the Netherlands got a yellow classification.
- Finally, they tested 271 pepper samples from Turkey, of which 25% were green, 29% were yellow, and 47% were red. A total of 67% had black-listed pesticides. The median pesticide residue was 0.18 mg/kg. So peppers from Turkey got a red classification.
Not surprisingly, organic produce is much less contaminated with pesticides than non-organic. Overall, organic produce was green 82.3% of the time, yellow 17.4% of the time, and red less than 1% of the time. In comparison, conventional fruit was green/yellow/red = 22%, 75%, 3%, and conventional vegetables were green/yellow/red = 44%, 52%, and 5% of the time. That said, buying all organic can be expensive, and it often means getting items from far away rather than locally-grown produce, or not buying items at all. (Many of the more international items are not available in organic shops.) So which types of produce is it reasonable to buy non-organic?
Overall German produce was less contaminated than produce from other EU countries (like Italy and the Netherlands), which was in turn less contaminated than the same products from Turkey and overseas (except perhaps Israel). Greenpeace tested grapes, peppers, pears, zucchini and grapefruit from Turkey, and all five products frequently exceeded the maximum pesticide levels allowed in the EU. Other overseas items were also problematic, especially more “exotic” items such as okra or chili peppers (from India and Thailand respectively), which were highly contaminated. It wasn’t just overseas items that were problematic though. There were a number of European-grown items that were consistently contaminated, i.e., lettuce from Belgium, Holland, and Italy.
Greenpeace recommends always washing fruit and vegetables under lukewarm, running water. This helps remove some of the surface pesticides. They say to wash produce even if you’re not going to eat the skin (e.g., for bananas or mangos), because the pesticides get on your hands and are then inadvertently consumed.
In the detailed pdf, for each produce item Greenpeace also reports the results by supermarket chain (e.g., Lidl, Edeka,…). I’ve heard that bigger chains like Aldi and Lidl have more stringent regulations and careful controls, but in spot checking a few of the graphs I never saw a clear difference between different supermarkets.
The detailed results also include additional information like exactly how many samples they tested from each country, whether each sample was red, yellow or green, and exactly which pesticides were found on each food.
In general, I find it a bit misleading that they report results by country, but they didn’t do any statistical tests to see which differences between countries could be explained by chance (especially when sample sizes were small), and which were clearly meaningful differences.
Sources of the data:
- You can read more about the Environmental Working Group’s methodology here, and see their dirty dozen and clean fifteen lists or the full list of all items tested.
- Here’s a blog post with the Israeli dirty and clean lists. I haven’t been able to locate the full data. If anyone can find it, please let me know.
- All of the Germany Greenpeace results can be found in the four pdf documents linked at the bottom of this page.
Fruits:
- Very high:
- Apples: 1st on U.S. dirty dozen list and 3rd on the Israel dirty fifteen list. The Greenpeace study says that apples are yellow, except Austrian apples which are red. German apples are pretty typical with 19% green, 54% yellow, and 28% red, with 51% having black-listed pesticides. New Zealand apples do a bit better with 45% red, 53% yellow, and 2% red, with 25% having black-listed pesticides. One website I ran across said that tests by the magazine “Öko-Test” indicate that conventional apples from South America are often problematic, but most German apples are free of problematic residues. This seems to contradict the Greenpeace data.
- Grapes: 3rd on U.S. dirty dozen list and 1st on Israel dirty fifteen list. According to the Greenpeace study, they are either red (Chile, Germany, India, and Turkey) or yellow (Egypt, Argentina, Brasil, Grece, Italy, Namibia, Spain, and South Africa). Even among the red countries there were differences though. Grapes from Turkey often had traces of ten pesticides, where for German grapes the average was less than five. Oddly, Greenpeace only tested 6 grape samples from France. Of those, 33% were red and none were green.
- Peaches, nectarines, apricots: peaches are 5th on the U.S. dirty dozen list and 13th on the Israel dirty fifteen list. Imported nectarines are 8th and domestic nectarines are 18th on the U.S. dirty dozen list. According to Greenpeace, peaches, nectarines, and apricots are yellow (except for nectarines from Chile and apricots from Greece, both of which are red). Interestingly, Turkish apricots did a bit better than French ones.
- Strawberries: 2nd on U.S. dirty dozen list but oddly not on the Israel list. Maybe they don’t eat many strawberries in Israel? The Greenpeace study says that they’re yellow from all countries. From Germany, for example, 88% of samples were yellow and 11% were green, with 84% containing pesticides from the black list. Conventional strawberries are often treated with pesticides, in order to make them resistant to pests and mold.
- Medium-high to high:
- Pears: 19th on U.S. dirty dozen list and 11th on the Israel dirty fifteen list. The Greenpeace study says pears from most of the E.U. and Argentina are yellow, as are asian pears from China, but pears from Chile, Italy, South Africa, and Turkey are red. From Germany 30% of pears were green, 54% yellow, and 16% red, with 44% having pesticides from the black list.
- Cherries: 17th on the U.S. dirty dozen list but not on the Israel top 15. The Greenpeace study says that sour cherries from Germany are yellow and sweet cherries from all countries are yellow. From Germany 13% of sweet cherries were green, 64% were yellow, and 23% were red, with 76% having pesticides from the black list. I couldn’t find the detailed breakdown for sour cherries.
- Raspberries: 21st on the U.S. dirty dozen list but not on the Israel top 15. The Greenpeace study says that they’re yellow from all countries. From Germany 25% were green, 70% yellow, and 5% red, with 68% having pesticides from the black list.
- Star fruit: Greenpeace says that star fruit from Malaysia are yellow.
- Currants (red and black). Greenpeace says that currants from Germany are yellow.
- Gooseberries: Greenpeace says that gooseberries from Germany (Stachelbeeren) are yellow.
- Figs: Greenpeace says figs from Turkey are yellow. Ökotest writes: “The Brazilian figs from BBS Brasil Exportacao had excessive residues of the ripening agent ethephon, which can also be acutely dangerous.”f
- Controversial, probably low if grown in Germany, but medium-high otherwise:
- Blueberries: domestic blueberries are 13th on the U.S. dirty dozen list and imported blueberries are 22nd. They’re not on the Israel top 15 list. The Greenpeace study, however, says that German blueberries are green. I couldn’t find the detailed breakdown.
- Plums: 20th on the U.S. dirty dozen list but not on the Israel top 15. The Greenpeace study says that plums from Germany and Spain are green, but plums from Chile, Italy, South Afrida, and Hungary are yellow. From Spain 66% were green, 33% were yellow, and 1% were red, with 27% having pesticides from the black list.
- Citrus fruits: Citrus fruits are listed 4th on the Israel dirty fifteen list. In the U.S., however, citrus fruits don’t rank that badly. Tangerines are in place 25, oranges 31, and grapefruit 40 on the dirty list — grapefruit actually places 12th on the U.S. clean fifteen list. Greenpeace says that Clementines from Italy and Spain and mandarines from Spain are all red, as are limes from Brasil are red. (Ökotest said they found morpholine in Mexican limes, an additive banned in the EU, from which carcinogenic nitrosamines can form under certain conditions.) In Edeka they often have non-bio limes that specifically say that the outsides aren’t sprayed/contaminated. I wonder how these rank? Grapefruit from Mexico and the U.S are yellow, but grapefruit from Israel, Turkey, Spain, and South Africa are red. Oranges from Italy are yellow but from Argentina, Greece, Spain, and South Africa are red. Pomelo from China is yellow. Lemons from Spain are yellow.
- Probably low, but controversial. These are all fruits with thick peels that you (usually) don’t eat. They’re probably medium to low, although the Greenpeace data lists many of them as yellow to red, perhaps because they’re testing the peels too.
- Bananas: 17th on the U.S. green fifteen list. Greenpeace lists bananas from the Dominican Republic as green but all others (from Costa Rica, Ecuador, Columbia, and Panama) as red.
- Melons: cantaloupe is 7th, watermelon is 16th, and honeydew is 19th on the U.S. green fifteen list. Greenpeace, however, says that melons from all countries (Brasil, Costa Rica and Spain) are yellow. I’m surprised they didn’t test French or Turkish melons, as that seems to be where most of the melons in City Basar come from.
- Kiwi: 11th on the U.S. green fifteen list. I assume they did the analysis without the peels. Greenpeace says that kiwis from Chile, Greece, and New Zealand are green, but kiwis from France and Italy are yellow. For example, French kiwis are 46% green, 50% yellow, and 4% red, with 33% of samples have pesticides from the black list.
- Mangos: 8th on the U.S. green fifteen list. Greenpeace says mangos from Pakistan are green, ones from Basil or Peru are yellow, and ones from Thailand are red. That said, Ökotest recently wrote on their website: “mangoes were not at all or only very slightly contaminated.”
- Papaya: 7th on the U.S. green fifteen list. Greenpeace says papayas from Thailand are yellow and ones from Brasil are red. That said, Ökotest recently wrote on their website: “papaya was not at all or only very slightly contaminated.”
- Pineapples: 3rd on the U.S. green fifteen list. Greenpeace says pineapples from Costa Rica are yellow and ones from Ghana are red. Why the difference? Maybe Greenpeace is testing the outsides as well? Ökotest recently wrote on their website: “pineapple was not at all or only very slightly contaminated.”
- Pomegranates: Greenpeace says that pomegranates from Spain are green and from Turkey are yellow.
- Passion fruit: Israel has passion fruit as #1 on their top 10 clean list. Greenpeace says that passionfruit from Columbia is yellow.
- Dragon fruit: Greenpeace says that dragon fruit from Vietnam is red. But you don’t typically eat the peel. If Greenpeace included the peel in their analysis, then it’s likely that the Greenpeace rating is too negative.
- Low:
- Lychee: Greenpeace lists litchi from Madagascar as green. Not on the U.S. or Israeli lists.
- Rhubarb: Greenpeace says German rhubarb is green. Not on the U.S. or Israeli lists.
- Persimmon: Greenpeace says that Sharon from Israel, Spain, and South Africa are all green. Not on the U.S. or Israeli lists.
- Dates: Israel lists dates as #6 on their top ten clean list. Not on the U.S. or Greenpeace lists.
- Avocados: 5th on U.S. green fifteen list and 1st on Israel ten greenest. Not on the Greenpeace list.
Vegetables (including fruits commonly eaten as vegetables):
- Very high:
- Okra: Greenpeace says that okra from India is red.
- Celery: (stalk) celery is 2nd on both the U.S. and Israel dirty dozen lists. Not included on the Greenpeace list.
- Lettuce and salad greens: Lettuce is 8th on the Israel dirty fifteen list and 14th on the U.S dirty dozen list. Baby Lettuce Leaf Mixes are 10th on the Israel dirty fifteen list. Greenpeace says that all Salate from all countries are either yellow or red. For example, these are yellow: Eichblattsalate from Germany, Feldsalate (mache?) from Germany, Belgium, and France, Kopfsalat from Germany, Lollo Bianco and Lollo Rosso Blattsalat from Germany and Italian, Rucola (arugula) from Germany and Italy, and chicoree (Belgian Endive) from Germany. Kopfsalat from Belgium, Italian, and the Netherlands is red. In February 2013 Ökotest warned against buying conventional lettuce from Southern Europe, saying they often have high levels of nitrates, herbicides, anti-mold agents, and pesticides. The samples from Aldi and Lidl were generally better than those from Edeka and Rewe. If you buy non-organic lettuce, Greenpeace recommends removing the outermost layer of leaves, as they tend to be most contaminated.
- Grape leaves: The magazine “Ökotest” said that grape leaves are consistently highly contaminated, even worse than grapes, and they should only be purchased if they are organic. That means no eating stuffed grape leaves out at restaurants either!
- Medium-high to high:
- Kale: Kale and collards are 16th on the U.S. dirty dozen list, and it’s annotated with a special plus symbol due to some particularly bad chemicals. Greenpeace says that kale from Germany is yellow.
- Carrots: 23rd on the U.S. dirty dozen list. Greenpeace says that Mohrrüben are yellow (from Belgium, Germany, Italy, USA, and the Netherlands), but carrots from Spain are red.
- Winter squash: 28th on the U.S. dirty dozen list. Not included on the Israeli or Greenpeace lists.
- Green onions: 29th on the U.S. dirty dozen list and 23rd on the green fifteen list. Not included on the Israeli or Greenpeace lists.
- Leeks: Greenpeace says that leeks from Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands are yellow. Not included on the U.S. or Israeli lists.
- Celeriac / celery root: Greenpeace says that Knollensellerie from Germany and the Netherlands is yellow. But are they including the peel in their tests? Not included on the U.S. or Israeli lists.
- Brussels sprouts: Greenpeace says that brussels sprouts from Germany and the Netherlands are yellow.
- Controversial, probably low if grown in Germany but likely high if grown elsewhere:
- Peppers: sweet bell peppers are 7th on the U.S. dirty dozen list and hot peppers are 12th. Greenpeace says that “Chilischoten” from Thailand are red. Greenpeace says that bell peppers from Germany, Israel, and Hungary are green, while peppers from Greece, Marocco, the Netherlands, and Spain are yellow, and peppers from Turkey are red. They tested 19 bell pepper samples from Germany, 84% were green, 16% were yellow and none were red (although 11% contained residues of black-listed pesticides). The hazardous chemical ethephon is often found on bell peppers, as it’s used to ripen/color the vegetables faster. In the human body ethephon apparently acts as a neurotoxin.
- Cucumbers: 9th on the U.S. dirty dozen list. Greenpeace says that Gurken and Einlegegurken from Germany are green, but Gurken from Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands, and Spain are yellow.
- Zucchini and summer squash: 26th on the U.S. dirty dozen list (but note that there’s also some special plus symbol, not sure what it indicates). Greenpeace says that zucchini from Germany and the Netherlands are green, but zucchini from Spain are yellow, and from Turkey are red. Apparently they’re often treated with anti-fungal agents.
- Tomatoes: Cherry tomatoes are 11th on the U.S. dirty dozen list and regular tomatoes are 20th on the green fifteen list. Greenpeace says that tomatoes from Germany are green, whereas tomatoes from France, Belgium, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey are yellow, and tomatoes from Morocco are red. Ökotest did a test in August 2011 and reported that almost all the samples were uncontaminated or had very low pesticide levels. A more recent Ökotest found some cherry tomatoes from Senegal that had a relatively high content of the insecticide deltamethrin, a pesticide that’s considered to be neurotoxic, and which may also acts as a hormone.
- Eggplant: 10th on the U.S. green fifteen list. Not included on either Israel list. Greenpeace says German eggplant is green and eggplant from the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, and Thailand are yellow.
- Snap peas: domestic snap peas are 22nd on the U.S. fifteen clean list, but imported snap peas are 15th on the dirty dozen list. Greenpeace says that sugar snap peas (Zuckererbsen) from Kenya are red. Since all the snap peas I’ve seen here are imported from Africa, I’m guessing they’re generally contaminated. That said, Ökotest recently wrote on their website: “beans, sugar peas, pineapple, papaya and mangoes were not at all or only very slightly contaminated.”
- Beets: Beets are 5th on the Israeli dirty fifteen list, but not included on the U.S. list. Greenpeace says that beets from Germany are green.
- Herbs: The Israel dirty fifteen list includes coriander/cilantro in 6th place, dill in 7th place, and mint in 8th place. Greenpeace says Basil from Thailand is red, but parsley from Germany is green. No herbs were included on the U.S. list.
- Spinach: Spinach is 6th on U.S. dirty dozen list, but not on either Israeli list. Greenpeace says that Germany and Italian spinach is green. Spinach isn’t included on the Israeli lists. One online article I read said that nitrate is often added as a fertilizer to increase crop yields, and the nitrate can be converted to the carcinogenic nitrite. Apparently Stiftung Warentest found some samples of conventional spinach that were contaminated with animal waste, but organic spinach was uncontaminated.
- Potatoes: Potatoes are 10th on the U.S. dirty dozen list and 14th on the Israel dirty fifteen list. Greenpeace says that potatoes from Germany and Israel are green, from Egypt and Cyprus are yellow, and from France are red. I know that in the U.S. potatoes are often treated with chemicals to keep them from sprouting. But my German potatoes, even non-organic ones, turn green and start to sprout almost immediately. So I guess that’s a good sign?
- Kohlrabi: Kohlrabi is 12th on the Israeli dirty fifteen list. Greenpeace says that kohlrabi is green (from Germany, Italy, and Spain). It’s not included on the U.S. list.
- Green beans: Green beans are 24th on the U.S. dirty dozen list. Greenpeace says that green beans from the Netherlands are green, but from Germany, Egypt, Kenya, Spain, and Marocco are yellow, and from the Dominican Republic and Thailand are red.
- Mushrooms: 13th on the U.S. clean fifteen list. Greenpeace says mushrooms from Germany and the Netherlands are green, but mushrooms from Poland are yellow.
- Low:
- Cruciferous vegetables (except kale and brussels sprouts): Cabbage is 6th on the U.S. clean fifteen list. Cauliflower is 18th on the U.S. clean fifteen list and 9th on Israel’s top-ten green list. Broccoli is slightly worse, at 25th on the U.S. green list and 27th on the dirty list. Greenpeace says cauliflower from Germany and France are both green, as are broccoli from Germany, Italy, and Spain, and German-grown Chinakohl (napa cabbage), Weißkohl, Wirsingkohl (savoy cabbage), Rotkohl and Radieschen (radishes). The only exception to the crucifers are green rule seems to be brussels sprouts and kale. If you buy non-organic cabbage Greenpeace recommends remove the outermost layer of leaves, as they tend to be most contaminated.
- Artichokes: 10th on Israel top-ten green list. Not included on the Greenpeace or U.S. lists. I wonder if the Israel study included the outer leaves or just the hearts?
- Asparagus: 9th on the U.S. green fifteen list and 7th on the Israel top-ten green list. Greenpeace says that asparagus from Germany, Greece, Peru, and Spain are all green.
- Sweet potatoes: 4th on the Israel top-ten green list and 14th on the U.S. green fifteen list. Not included on the Greenpeace list.
- Sweet peas: Shelled frozen green peas are 6th on U.S. clean fifteen list. Peas are 8th on the Israel top-ten green list. Not on the Greenpeace list.
- Sprouts: 3rd on the Israel top-ten green list. Not included on the Greenpeace list or the U.S. list.
- Onions: 2nd on U.S. green fifteen list and 5th on Israel top-ten green list. Greenpeace says that onions from Germany are green.
- Sweet corn: 1st on U.S. green fifteen list.
Foods I often eat that aren’t on any of the three lists:
- Dried beans: they are protected by a pod so probably low like sweet peas. Ökotest analyzed 9 brands of lentils in November 2012, and rated all the organic/bio brands as “very good” except for the Rapunzel Troja Linsen, which was only satisfactory becuase it had “ein Pestizid über BNN-Orientierungswert.” Of the non-organic brands, four were very good, including Baktat (a brand they carry at City Basar). Four were good (including Seeberger and the Netto and Aldi house brands), two were satisfactory, one was adequate, and two were unsatisfactory. Of the unsatisfactory grands, one was Müller’s Mühle, which I think I’ve seen at Rewe or Edeka. Their conclusion was that in general conventional lentils are much more contaminated than organic lentils, but that even for the conventional lentils the levels were generally very low. Then they give a warning about the unknown additive effects of low-dose pesticides… That said, Ökotest recently wrote on their website: “beans, sugar peas, pineapple, papaya and mangoes were not at all or only very slightly contaminated.”
- Dried whole grains: no idea
- Delicate herbs like oregano and basil: probably high like cilantro, dill, and mint, unless grown in Germany
- Hardier herbs like rosemary and thyme: ??
- Other leafy greens: Is chard more like kale or spinach? Genetically, spinach, but in terms of pesticide load?. What about broccoli rabe? Is it more like broccoli or kale?
- Fennel: no idea. High like celery or medium like leeks and carrots?
- Radicchio: probably pretty high, like endive and arugula and other salad greens.
- Winter squash and sweet potato peels: what if you eat the sweet potato peel (which I always do) or winter squash peel (like with thinner skinned squash like delicata or Hokkaido)? Does that change the rating?
- Nuts: protected by a shell so presumably low?
- Other thin-skinned root veggies: parsnip, rutabaga, turnips, ginger, jerusalem artichokes. Presumably low if grown in Germany?
- Garlic: probably low like onions.
- Teas: I think Ökotest did some reporting on this, and said that teas are often highly contaminated, especially flavored teas. I need to research it more though. This one I can probably research in English though, as tea (at least non-herbal tea) is never grown in Europe.
An interesting bit of data to add to this post at some point: the difference in cost between organic and non-organic produce. Is the price difference higher for the more contaminated items? That would make sense, but I’m a bit doubtful that it’s actually the case.
I’m really surprised that I couldn’t find any similar lists provided by British organizations. I assume Britain gets a lot of their produce from France, Italy, Spain, and Turkey. But I couldn’t find anything online. If anyone knows of anything, please post a comment!
Reblogged this on carbivore – highcarb lifestyle 🙂 and commented:
eine erweiterte Liste der clean fifteen und dirty dozens für Deutschland 🙂 Auf Grandlage von sehr umfangreichen Untersuchungen von Greenpeace. Aus der Quelle quetsch’ ich grad selbst ne umfangreiche Tabelle/Liste mit Lebensmittel, die in Frage kämen und werde das veröffentlichen. in der 811 facebookgruppe, hier, auf youtube und später auf der 811 wiki, an der wir bald hoffentlich beginnen werden dran zu arbeiten 😉
I have bought some Spanish Broccoli from Aldi, and find that when I wash it there a very fine powdery film on top, I washed it at lease 12 times, could not get it really clean, is this some sort of chemical, if so is it safe, I have found this with all Spanish Broccoli in the past
[…] Finally found pesticide data for Europe […]